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<text>
<title>
A Closer Look at the U.S.-Mexico Trade Agreement
</title>
<article>
<hdr>
Foreign Service Journal, December 1991
Uneasy Partners: A Closer look at the U.S.-Mexico Trade
Agreement
</hdr>
<body>
<p>By Jack R. Binns. Mr. Binns, a retired Foreign Service officer,
served as ambassador to Honduras. A consultant since his 1986
retirement, Ambassador Binns has been involved in Mexican trade
and investment issues and currently resides in Tucson, Arizona.
</p>
<p> Tremendous attention has been focused on trade negotiations
with Mexico and the possible North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA), at the expense of the more important Uruguay
Round of GATT negotiations. Our trade with Mexico accounts for
about 7 percent of our total, while GATT rules regulate most of
the rest. Emphasis has clearly been misplaced. And the North
American Free Trade Area (FTA), on closer inspection, is one of
those ideas that appear to carry greater risk than advantage.
</p>
<p> The risk is heightened by the administration's initial
deadline for completing negotiations--the beginning of 1992--haste, in this case, being a possible scenario for a faulty
agreement. The FTA idea was "made in Mexico" by President
Salinas de Gortari--which, I hasten to add, is not a negative
factor--who apparently saw it as the best or only means to
attract the kind of investment needed to get back on the path
of sustained development. The fact that renewed growth may be
critical to the survival of his party, the PRI, was probably
not far from his mind. Viewed in the context of Mexican history
and identity, it would seem to be a risky strategy. Even if the
FTA should succeed in attaining the needed investment and
growth, which is by no means certain, increased U.S. economic
presence in the Mexican economy could trigger a strong domestic
backlash. Although the recent Mexican election results suggest
substantial public support for an FTA, the outlook could change
rather quickly if the negotiated agreement does not meet
Mexican expectations either in appearance or in practice, as has
been the case in Canada. One might also ask how Mexicans will
react to the major reduction in their ability to control their
own economy, especially fiscal and monetary policies, that is
implicit in the FTA concept.
</p>
<p> While that may be a good thing in the long run, it is
difficult to square with Mexican nationalism. President Bush,
no doubt wishing to help Salinas and Mexico, thought it sounded
like a good idea. There was apparently no serious examination
of the FTA and its implications prior to our decision to
proceed. Only later did the examination get under way.
</p>
<p> It was right and responsible that Congress, in exchange for
its extension of the fast track authority, demanded and
received assurances that the administration will take specific
actions to provide retraining for displaced American workers and
ensure improvement in Mexican environmental practices. These
were warning flags. The onus is now on the administration to
meet these commitments and on the negotiators to work out an
agreement that serves our national trade and economic interests.
Although trade negotiations are not by definition a zero sum
exercise, it is not yet clear whether a win-win agreement can
be negotiated and ratified, as a number of direct conflicts and
difficult issues must be resolved. The devil is clearly in the
details. There are also political obstacles to overcome on both
sides of the border.
</p>
<p>Assessing the impact
</p>
<p> The proposed FTA with Mexico and Canada is, in a very
important sense, unique; not, certainly, as a free trade
agreement, but as an arrangement of this type involving
countries with profoundly disparate levels of income and
development. The FTA with Canada is between two similar nations
having comparable levels of social and economic development and
personal income, as well as closely integrated economies. And
many Canadians would argue that their FTA with us is looking
suspiciously like a zero sum arrangement--with them on the
short end. An agreement with Mexico will involve striking
differences in per capita income, development levels and
national economic structure. It is these differences, and the
absence of comparable precedents, that ought to call into
question many of the assumptions and claims made by those
favoring the FTA.
</p>
<p> Comparisons with the European Community (EC) are of limited
utility. First, the income disparities between the EC's richest
members (Germany before reunification and Denmark) and its
poorest (Greece and Portugal) were in the range of 3 or 5 to 1;
in the case of the United States and Canada compared to Mexico,
they are in the range of 10 to 1.
</p>
<p> Second, the EC is far more than a free trade arrangement. It
is a mechanism for economic, social, and political integration.
As such, it entails substantial transfer payments from the
richer members to raise the development levels of the poorer
members. In other words, the wealthier members of the EC provide
direct financial subsidies to their poor partners. No such
payments are envisaged in the proposed FTA. To the extent that
the gap between the United States and Canada, on the one hand,
and Mexico, on the other, is narrowed, it will be solely the
product of commercial trade and investment, not transfer
payments, subsidy, or economic assistance. "Trickle down," with
all its problems and inequities, is the name of the game.
</p>
<p>Facts or wishes?
</p>
<p> Assertions that the FTA will represent an export bonanza for
the United States are surely exaggerated. The value of our
bilateral trade with Mexico more than doubled between 1985 and
1990 as a result of Mexico's entry into GATT and the consequent
reductions in its trade barriers (tariffs were reduced sharply,
to a current average of just over 8 percent, as compared to
averages in excess of 30 percent previously, and extensive non-
tariff barriers virtually eliminated). However, Mexico's low
per capita GNP and its international debt situation impose
finite limits on its ability to increase imports, while other
disincentives currently discourage foreign and domestic
investment. Per capita GNP is about $2,600 and growing very
slowly, and its current account is expected to remain in
deficit for the next few years. The absence of significant
barriers to Mexican exports to the United States (except in
agriculture, where sanitary standards and seasonal measures
constitute important barriers and are unlikely to change much
in the near term) suggests only modest room for growth in those
earnings.
</p>
<p> A KPMG Peat Marwick (KPMG/PM) economic model of the
potential effects of the FTA tended to substantiate these
conclusions. This model indicated that benefits to the United
States and Mexico would be largely contingent upon the size of
capital flows into Mexico resulting from the FTA. While Mexico
has made substantial progress in reducing its barriers to
foreign investment, it is still not competitive. Currently,
foreign investment is either prohibited or specifically limited
in the following sectors: petroleum/petrochemicals; computers;
banking and financial services; automotive; transportation;
mining; electrical power generation; radio and TV; and land
ownership, which impacts directly on agriculture and real estate
development. U.S. and Canadian negotiators will push hard to
remove these barriers, but the extent to which Mexico will agree
to a further opening of its economy to foreign investment is
unclear. Mexico's history, the constitutional basis for
investment barriers and domestic political considerations make
it difficult to be optimistic.
</p>
<p> Assuming the best case in eliminating investment barriers
and other disincentives, the KPMG/PM model suggests a total
capital inflow to Mexico of about $25 billion during the FTA
transition period. It was 10 years in the case of the
U.S.-Canada agreement and could be longer in the case of Mexico.
If it should be 10 years